Топик: Лекции по английскому (полный курс)

modern                  more modern                         most modern

polite                     more polite                             most polite 

tired                       more tired                              most tired  

expensive              more expensive                      most expensive

comfortable           more comfortable                  most comfortable

6. Irregular adjectives

good                      better                                       best

bad                        worse                                       worst

far                          further                                      furthest  

much/many            more                                        most

little                        less                                          least

7. As … as,  not  as/so … as

He is as rich as his brother.

I’m as clever as my uncle.

Mary is not as/so nice as her sister.

Is the weather not so hot as this in New York?

8. The … the …

The more we learn, the more we know. – Чем Больше мы учим, тем больше мы знаем.

The sooner, the better. –Чем раньше, тем лучше.

9. Older than     more expensive than

He is two years older than his brother.

My car is more expensive than his.

10. It’s twice/three times/four times  as  long/light/heavy/high  as

The road is twice as long as that one.

Some useful idioms of comparison:

As good as gold (золото) As old as the hills (холмы)

As busy as bee (пчела) As cold as ice (лед)

As changeable as weather (изменчив как погода)

Тема 7

PAST SIMPLE (Прошедшее неопределенное время)

We use the past tense to tell stories about the past. We also use it when the time when something happened is important (выражает фиксированные действия в прошлом).

Время Past Indefinite служит:

1.    Для выражения действия, совершившегося или совершавшегося в прошлом, при изложении прошедших событий. Past indefinite переводится на русский язык прошедшим временем глагола как совершенного, так и несовершенного вида, в зависимости от смысла предложения. Время совершения действия может быть выражено придаточным предложением или не указываться, а подразумеваться. Для выражения прошедшего действия в Past Indefinite могут употребляться такие обозначения времени, как yesterday вчера, last week на прошлой неделе, an hour ago час тому назад, the other day на днях, on Monday в понедельник, in 1998 в 1998 году, during the lesson во время урока и т.п.

     I spoke to him the other day.     Я говорил с ним на днях.

     Не came at five o'clock.            Он пришел в пять часов.

     Не called when I was               Он заходил, когда я был в Институте.

     at the Institute.

2. Для выражения ряда последовательно происходивших событий:

Не !eft the hotel, took a taxi      Он вышел из отеля, взял такси

and drove to the theatre,             и поехал в театр.

When I arrived at the railway     Когда я приехал на вокзал, station, I went to the booking-     я пошел в кассу и office and bought a ticket,                             купил билет.

3. Для выражения обычного, повторявшегося в прошлом, действия:

Last winter I spent a lot of time    Прошлой зимой я проводил много in     the library,                                           времени в читальном зале.

В этом случае вместо глагола в Past Indefinite очень часто употребляется глагол used [ju:sd] в сочетании со смысловым глаголом в форме инфинитива с частицей to:

Last winter I used to spend a lot of time in the library.

Образование Past Indefinite Tense

1. Утвердительная форма Past Indefinite Tense правильных глаголов образуется от инфинитива (без частицы to) путем прибавления во всех лицах окончания -ed :

to live - I lived; to work - I worked; to expect - I expected.

Окончание -ed произносится как [d], [t] или [id] в зависимости от предшествующего звука:

а) после звонких согласных, (кроме d) и гласных как [d]:

lived [livd]   informed [i'nfo:md]

answered ['a:nsad]  followed [foloud]

b) после глухих согласных (кроме t) как [t]:

helped [helpt], asked [a:skt], finished [fmifl]

c) после d и t как [id]:

waited [weitid], intended [intendid], wanted [wantid]

Past Indefinite неправильных глаголов образуется иными способами в основном путем изменения корня: to speak - I spoke [spouk], to begin - I began ; to sell - I sold [sould]; to lose - I lost [lost].

2.Вопросительная форма Past Indefinite Tense правильных и неправильных глаголов образуется при помощи вспомогательного глагола to do в прошедшем времени (did) и формы инфинитива смыслового глагола (без частицы to), причем вспомогательный глагол ставится перед подлежащим:

Did I work?       Did I speak?

Did he work?     Did he speak?

3. Отрицательная форма Past Indefinite Tense правильных и неправильных глаголов образуется при помощи вспомогательного глагола to do в прошедшем времени (did), частицы not и формы инфинитива смыслового глагола, причем not ставится после вспомогательного глагола:

I did not work.    I did not speak.

He did not work.   He did not speak.

4. В вопросительно-отрицательной форме Past Indefinite Tense частица not ставится непосредственно после подлежащего:

Did I not work? Did you not work? Did he not work?

Regular verbs (Правильные        Irregular verbs (Неправильные

глаголы)                                          глаголы)

work+ed=worked                               be – was,were

type+d=typed                                     do - did

stop+p+ed=stopped                          have - had

stay+ed=stayed                                 can - could

clean+ed=cleaned                             go - went

live+d=lived                                       write - wrote 

like+d=liked                                       get - got

start+ed=started, etc.                        sell – sold, etc.

Positive (положительная форма)

I/you/he/she/we/they  worked in London in 1995.

I/you/he/she/we/they  went to London in 1995.

Negative (отрицательная форма)

We use didn’t + infinitive (without to) in all persons.

I/you/he/she/we/they  didn’t work in London in 1995.

I/you/he/she/we/they  didn’t go to London in 1995.

Yes/No questions                                                       Short answers

(Вопросы с предположительным                            (Краткие ответы)

ответом “Yes”, “No”)

Did  I/you/he/she/we/they  work in London in 1995? Yes, I did./No I didn’t.

Did  I/you/he/she/we/they  go to London in 1995?   Yes, we did./No, we didn’t.

Special questions (специальные вопросы, начинающиеся с вопросительных слов “when”, “why”, “where”, “how “ etc.)

When did  I/you/he/she/we/they  work in London? I worked in London in 1995.

Where did I/you/he/she/we/they  go in 1995? I went to London in 1995.

Time expressions

        night                                          weekend

        Saturday                                    morning

        last   week                                  yesterday   afternoon

        month                                         evening

        year                                            summer

In 1987, in May, two days ago, from … till, all day long, the whole day

Упражнения на закрепление:

1.. Поставьте глагол в прошедшее время.

a.   Yesterday he (go) to work by car.

b.   I (watch) television yesterday evening.

c.    He (write) a letter to Jane last week.

d.   The accident (happen) last Sunday afternoon.

e.    When I was a child, I (want) to be a judge.

f.    We (leave) home at 8.30 this morning.

g.   They (do) their shopping last Monday.

h.   Ann (take) photographs last Sunday.

2. Завершите предложения, поставив глагол в отрицательную форму.

Пример: I saw John but I didn’t see Mary.

a.   They  worked on Monday but they … on Tuesday.

b.   We went to the shop but we … to the bank.

c.    She had e pen but she … a paper.

d.   Jack did Spanish at University but he … English.

e.    I sent a letter to tom but I … to Mike.

f.    She went to the post office but she … to the hospital.

g.   I spoke English when I was a child but I … French.

h.   I ate meat yesterday but I … fish.

i.    He read a newspaper yesterday evening but he … a magazine.

3. Образуйте общий вопрос.

Пример:. I watched TV last night. And you? Did you watch TV last night?

a.   I enjoyed the party. And you? ….

b.   I had a good holiday. And you? ….

c.    I got up early this morning. And you? ….

d.   I slept well last night. And you? ….

e.    I worked hard yesterday. And you? ….

f.    I went to bed at eleven o’clock yesterday. And you? ….

g.   I saw Tom at the party. And you? ….

h.   I sent three telegrams yesterday. And you? ….

i.    I passed the exam yesterday. And you? ….

4. Скажите, что вы делали (не делали) вчера.

Пример: (watch TV)    I watched TV yesterday. I didn’t watch TV yesterday.   

a.   (get up before 7.30)

b.   (have a shower)

c.    (buy magazine)

d.   (speak English)

e.    (do an examination)

f.    (eat meat)

g.   (meet my friend)

5.Образуйте специальный вопрос.

Пример: He went abroad . Where did he go?

a.   I met somebody. Who … ?

b.   Henry arrived. What time …?

c.    She saw somebody. Who …?

d.   They wanted something. What … ?

e.    The party finished. What time …?

f.    He went home early. Why …?

g.   We had dinner. What …?

h.   It cost a lot of money. How much …?

6.  Разыграйте следующие и составьте аналогичныe диалоги.

-               Where were you yesterday morning?

-               I discussed a lot of problems with my manager. And you?

-               I saw many interesting things yesterday.

-               Did you buy any postcards?

-               Paul had an appointment at 11 o’clock with Mr. Brown.

-               No, he didn’t have an appointment at 11 o’clock with Mr. Brown. He had an appointment with Mr. White.

-              

7. Расскажите о вчерашнем дне, предварительно ответив на вопросы:

a.   What did you have for breakfast yesterday?

b.   Did you enjoy your breakfast?

c.    What did you do after breakfast?

d…Did you go to work?

8.  Образуйте вопрос и ответьте на него.

Пример: When did you last have a holiday?  -  Last July.

a.   see a video

b.   go shopping

c.    give someone a present

d.   take a photograph

e.    send a letter

f.    see a friend

g.   have a dinner at a restaurant

h.   lose something

i.    go abroad

j.    stay away from classes

k.   tell  a lie

l.    discuss a difficult problem with you friend

m.  buy a coat

n.   get up late in the morning

o.   be late to work

p.   make a phone call

q.   pay a bill

r.    cash a cheque

9.. Скажите три вещи, которые вы могли делать в пять лет.

Пример: I could ride a bike when I was five.

10. Скажите три вещи, которые вы не могли делать в пять лет.

Пример: I couldn’t use a computer when I was five.

Present Perfect

(Настоящее завершенное время)

        We use the present  perfect tense for an  action in  the past with  a result  now (выражает  действие, завершенное к данному моменту, результат которого налицо).

We use the present perfect with ever, never, already, just yet, recently, for since, etc.

Форма образования have/has + past participle of the verb

Positive (положительная форма)

I/we/you/they have done/finished

He/she/it has done/finished

Negative (отрицательная форма)

I/we/you/they have not (haven’t) done/finished

He/she/it has not (hasn’t) done/finished

Question (вопрос)

Have I/we/you/they done/finished?

Has he/she/it done/finished?

Examples:

I have just done my work.

I haven’t done my work yet.

He has travelled all over the world.

They have already come home.

Irregulars (неправильные глаголы)

Base form                Past Simple                 Past participle

Be                            was/were                     been

Become                   became                        become

Begin                       began                          begun

Build                        built                            built

Can                           could                          been able

Come                        came                           come

Cost                           cost                            cost

Do                             did                              done

Get                            got                              got

Go                              went                          gone

Have                          had                             had

Know                          knew                         known

Learn                          learnt                         learnt

Make                          made                          made

Read                            read                          read

Say                              said                          said

Take                            took                          taken

Write                           wrote                        written

HAVE GOT/ HAVE

Have got = Have (в значении “иметь”, “обладать”).

Форма “have got” чаще употребляется в разговорной речи. Форма “have got “ в прошедшем времени не употребляется.

I’ve got a bad cold.

но

I had a bad cold last week.

have got                                               have 

Positive                                                Positive    

I have got some money                       I have some money

You have got some money                 You have some money

We have got some money                  We have some money

They have got some money               They have some money

He has got some money                     He has some money

She has got some money                   She has some money

It has got some money                       It has some money

Negative                                               Negative

I haven’t got any money                     I don’t have any money

You haven’t got any money               You don’t have any money

We haven’t got any money                 We don’t have any money

They haven’t got any money             They don’t have any money

He hasn’t got any money                   He doesn’t have any money

She hasn’t got any money                 She doesn’t have any money

It hasn’t got any money                      It doesn’t have any money

Questions                                             Questions

Have I got any money?                      Do I have any money? 

Have you got any money?                 Do you have any money?

Have we got  any money?                  Do we have any money?

Have they got any money?                Do they have any money?

Has he got any money?                     Does he have any money?

Has she got any money?                   Does she have any money?

Has it got any money?                       Does it have any money?

How much money have you got?      How much money do you have?

How many credit cards have I got?   How many credit cards do I have?

Short answers                                   Short answers

Yes, I have./ No, I haven’t.                Yes, I do./ No I don’t.

Yes, she has./ No, she hasn’t.           Yes, she does./ No, she doesn’t.

Тема 8

Past Continuous (Progressive) Tense

(Прошедшее продолженное время)

Настоящее Продолженное Время употребляется для обозначения действия, которое продолжалось какое-то время в прошлом в момент другого действия, выраженного, как правило, в прошедшем простом времени.

Образуется прошедшее продолженное время при помощи вспомогательного глагола “ to be” в прошедшем времени и “ing” формы смыслового глагола.

Сравните:

Настоящее продолженное                  Прошедшее продолженное

He is sleeping now.                               He was sleeping when I came.

Он спит сейчас.                                   Он спал, когда я пришел.  

I am reading now.                                   I was reading when he phoned.

Я читаю сейчас.                                    Я читал, когда он позвонил.

They are having dinner now.                 They were having dinner at 7 last night.                   Они обедают сейчас.                           Они обедали в 7 часов вечера  вчера.    

Вопросительная и отрицательная формы образуются при помощи вспомогательного глагола “was” (“were”).

Например:

 He was watching TV when she came.

 Was he watching TV when she came?

 He was not watching TV when she came.

 What was he doing when she came?

 What was he watching when she came?

Упражнения на закрепление.

1.   Задайте вопросы по образцу:

Steve usually cleans his suit on Saturdays.

(when Jeff phoned)

Was Steve cleaning his suit when Jeff phoned?

1.   Ann usually cooks dinner at 7 o’clock. (when Peter phoned)

2.   Jill usually goes to the library every evening. ( when we saw her)

3.   Liz plays the violin every day.( when mother came home)

4.   Mr Brown reads his newspaper  after supper. (when the telephone rang)

5.   She usually does her homework in the afternoon. ( when Ann opened the door)

6.   Jane sometimes drinks coffee with Mike. ( when her husband saw them)

2. Переведите диалог и обратите внимание на использование настоящего продолженного времени.

Thomas is a student. He's staying with the Taylors, an English family.

Thomas: Hello, Mrs Taylor. Can you help me? I'm doing my homework and I can't understand this word.

Mrs Taytor: Which one? Oh... that’s difficult. I can't help you now.... I'm watching something...

Thomas: Oh? What are you watching?

Mrs Taylor: I'm watching a cowboy film.

Thomas: Can Mr Taylor help me?

Mrs Taylor: No, he can't now, Thomas. He's reading.

Thomas: What's he reading?

Mrs Taytor: He's reading a magazine.

Thomas: What about Kate?

 Mrs Taylor: Oh, she can't help you now... she's phoning someone.

Thomas: Oh? Who's she phoning?

Mrs Taylor: She's phoning her boyfriend... you're asking a lot of questions tonight, Thomas!

Thomas: Am I?... Well,

I am practicing my English!

Напишите, что делали все члены семьи Тейлор в то время, когда Томас просил ему помочь.( Переделайте настоящее продолженное время в прошедшее продолженное.)

Например: When Thomas asked Mrs Taylor to help him, she was watching a cowboy film.

3. Используя образец, напишите 7 вопросов и ответьте на них .       

 What are Jill and John doing?- They are playing tennis.

1. Mr Smith/his car

2. Mary/a letter

3. Mr and Mrs Jones/television

4. Bob/a letter

5. Arthur and Mike/ a box

6. Mrs Brown/the dishes

7. Tony/beer

drinking

watching

carrying

writing

typing

cleaning

washing

Предлоги.

Времени.

·   at  

8 o’clock

10.30

midnight etc.

I start work at 8 o’clock.

The shops close at 5.30 p.m.

·   on

Sunday(s)

25 April

New year’s Day

Goodbye! See you on Friday.

I don’t work on Sundays.

The concert is on 22 November.

 - In

April / June

1985 / 1750

(the) summer / spring

I’m going on holiday in October.

Jill left school in 1995.

The garden is lovely in spring

also

at the weekend

at night

at Christmas /Easter

at the end of ...

at the moment

in the morning

in the afternoon

in the evening

but

on Monday morning

on Friday evening, etc.

Are you going away at the weekend?

-    I can’t sleep at night.

-    In Britain children get presents at Christmas.

-    I’m going on holiday at the end of October.

-    Are you busy at the moment?

-    I always feel good in the morning.

-    Do you often go out in the evening?

-    I’m meeting Jill on Monday morning.

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