тема |
Thomson
& Martinet |
L.G.Alexander |
R.Murphy |
Celcia
Murcia |
Martin
Hewings |
TOEFL
Debora Phillips |
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1. Articles and one, a
little/few, this, that |
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a/an (the indefinite
article) |
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use of a/an |
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omission of a/an |
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a/an and one |
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a little/a few and little/few |
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the (indefinite article) |
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omission of the |
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omission of the before home
etc |
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this/these, that/those |
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zero article |
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2. Nouns |
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Kinds and function |
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Gender |
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Plurals |
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Uncounable nouns |
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Form of possesive case |
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Use of possessive case
etc. |
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Compound nouns |
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3. Adjectives |
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Kinds of adjectives |
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Position of adjectives |
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Order of adjectives of
quality |
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Comparison |
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Constructions with
comparisons |
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than/as + pronoun +auxiliary |
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the + adjective |
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Adjectives + one/ones
etc. |
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many and much |
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Adjectives + infinitives |
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Adjectives + various
constructions |
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4. Adverbs |
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Kinds of adverbs |
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Form and use |
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Formation of adverbs
with ly |
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Adverbs and adjectives
with the same form |
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Comparative and
superlative |
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far, farther/farthest etc. |
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much, more, most |
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Constructions with
comparisons |
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Position |
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Adverbs of manner |
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Adverbs of place |
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Adverbs of time |
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Adverbs of frequency |
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Order of adverbs |
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Sentence adverbs |
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Adverbs of degree |
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fairly, rather, quite,
hardly etc. |
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fairly and rather |
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quite |
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hardly, scarcely, barely |
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Inversion of the verb |
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Inversion after certain
adverbs |
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5. all, each, every,
both, neither, either, some, any, no, none |
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all, each, every,
everyne etc. |
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both |
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all/both/each + of etc. |
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neither, either |
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some, any, no and none |
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someone, anyone, no one etc. |
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else after someone/anybody etc. |
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another, other etc. with one, some |
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6. Interrogatives: wh-? Words and how? |
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Interrogative adjectives
and pronouns |
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Affirmative verb after
who etc. |
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who, whom, whose, which,
what |
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who, whom, which and what as objects of
prepositions |
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Uses of what |
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which compared with who, what |
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Interrogative adverbs:
why, when, where, how |
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ever after who, what etc. |
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Yes/no questions vs. Wh-questions |
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7. Possessives, personal
and reflexive pronouns: my, mine, I, myself etc. |
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Possessive adjectives
and pronouns |
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Agreement and use of
possessive adjectives |
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Possessive pronouns
replacing possessive adjectives + nouns |
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Personal pronouns |
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Position of pronoun
objects |
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Use of it |
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Indefinite pronouns |
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Use of they/them/their
with neither/either, someone etc. |
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Reflexive pronouns |
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Emphasizing pronouns |
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8. Relative pronouns and
clauses |
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Defining relative
clauses |
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Relative pronouns used
in defining clauses |
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Defining clauses:
persons |
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Defining clauses: things |
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Cleft sentences |
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Relative clause replaced
by infinitive or participle |
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Non-defining relative
clauses |
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Non-defining clauses:
persons |
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all, both, few, most,
several etc.
+ of + whom/which |
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Non-defining clauses:
things |
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Connective relative
clauses |
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what (relative pronoun) and which
(connective relative) |
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Commas in relative
clauses |
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whoever, whichever etc. |
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9. Prepositions |
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Alternative position |
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Omission of to and for before
indirect objects |
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Use and omission of to
with verbs of communication |
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Time and date: at, on,
by etc. |
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Time: from, since, for
etc. |
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Time: to, till/until,
after, afterwards (adverb) |
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Travel and movement: from,
to, at, in, by, on, into etc. |
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at, in, into, on, onto |
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above, over, under etc. |
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prepositions used with
adjectives and participles |
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Verbs and prepositions |
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Gerunds after
prepositions |
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Prepositions/adverbs |
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10. Introduction to
verbs |
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Classes of verbs |
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Ordinary verbs |
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Principal parts |
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Active tenses |
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Negatives of tenses |
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Interrogative for
questions and requests |
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Negative interrogative |
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Auxiliary verbs |
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Auxiliaries and modals |
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Forms and patterns |
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Use of auxiliaries in
short answers, agreements etc. |
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In short answers |
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Agreements and
disagreements |
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Questions tags |
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Comment tags |
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Additions to remarks |
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11. be, have, do |
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be as an auxiliary verb |
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Form and use |
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be + infinitive |
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be as an ordinary verb |
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be to denote existence, be
+ adjective |
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there is/are/was/were etc. |
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it is and there is compared |
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have as an auxiliary verb |
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Form and use |
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have + object + past
participle |
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had better + bare infinitive |
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have + object + present
participle |
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have as an ordinary verb |
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have meaning 'possess' and
'suffer (from) pain/illness/disability' |
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have meaning 'take', 'give' |
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do |
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Form |
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do used as an auxiliary |
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do used as an ordinary
verb |
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32. Conjunctions |
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Co-ordinating
conjunctions |
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besides, so, still, yet etc. |
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Subordinating
conjunctions |
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though/although, in
spite of, despite |
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for and because |
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when, while, as to express time |
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as meaning when/while or because/since |
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as, when, while used to mean although,
but, seeing that |
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33. Purpose |
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Purpose expressed by
infinitive |
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Infinitives after go and
come |
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Clauses of purpose |
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in case and lest |
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34. Clauses of reason,
result, concession, comparison, time |
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Reason and result/cause |
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Result with such/so…that |
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Clauses of concession |
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Clauses of comparison |
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Time clauses |
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35. Noun clauses |
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Noun clauses as subject |
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that-clauses after certain
adjectives/participles |
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that-clauses after nouns |
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Noun clauses as objects |
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so and not representin a that-clause |
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39.The sentence |
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Sentence word order |
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The simple sentence |
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The compound sentence |
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The complex sentence |
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